Leadership Model Has Influenced Our Own Leadership

As a professional leader, role models are an important source of inspiration and development. The ability to deliberately aim to improve as a leader is equally important. In the Army, the Leadership Requirements Model found in doctrine provides the framework necessary to make those deliberate improvements. This framework presents the opportunity to analyze our leadership role models using the Leadership Requirements Model and assess how that leader has contributed to the Army or the Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Corps. Additionally, it is important to apply the same analysis to how that role model has influenced our own leadership. Lastly, with these considerations in mind, leaders can project into the future and determine what kind of legacy they wish to leave. The purpose of this analysis is to explore these opportunities and the relationships between doctrinal leadership, a legacy leader, and my own leadership and legacy. My father, retired Chief Warrant Officer 2 (CW2) Nelson St ydinger, had a significant influence on the profession during his own service. He also represents my most important leadership influence throughout my career and his record informs the type of legacy I would like to leave as an Army leader. CW2 Stydinger served in a variety of roles and jobs during his 23-year career, from field wireman in Vietnam to strategic debriefing technician in Munich, Germany. There are many instances throughout his career that demonstrate the attributes and competenciesShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Leadership And Leadership Theory Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesOF LEADERSHIP. Traditional theories of leadership were more concentrated on behaviours and traits of leaders, and how they affect subordinates in the workplace. Then came contingency theories, which took into account situational/contextual factors. 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Over the pastRead MoreThe Core Essence Of Servant Leadership From A Biblical Perspective1605 Words   |  7 Pageschallenges, in becoming an effective leader in ministry and our society today. Therefore, this research paper will attempt to articulate the core essence of ‘Servant Leadership’ from a Biblical perspective, which might be able to provide practical, theological, and hermeneutical insights in order to develop leadership competency and a healthy prosperous ministry, as oppose to the current secular ‘leadership’ myths and fascination in our church, culture and society. Admittedly, over the years I haveRead MoreComponents of Transformational Leadership Theory Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesTransformational leadership theory conceptualized in the late 1970’s, proposed that leaders could motivate followers through shared vision and mutual interest to uplift the entire organization to a higher morality (Burns, 197 8). Morality was defined as leaders and followers working together to fulfill organizational goals and achieve higher performances within a context of change and innovation. Leaders would surpass their own self-interest, in order to, foresee, foster, and indoctrinate a new organizationalRead MoreLeadership Style That Changed Over The Years1716 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is often an ambiguous term used to describe those individuals who are managing people and processes. There are as many styles of leadership as there are industries who utilize them. Most often, the culture of an industry creates a particular type of leader or manager, and individuals who wish to become leaders must change their style to reflect that of the culture. 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Faustus as a Medieval Morality Play - 1603 Words

Faustus as a Medieval Morality Play By K.Friedman Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus has been influenced by the conventions of a Medieval Morality play through Marlowe’s purely didactic use of the text to encourage Christian values. He uses various dramatised moral allegories that together encompass the themes of divided nature of man allegorised through the good and bad angels that demonstrate virtue and vice, alongside the concept of sin and degradation allegorised by the Seven Deadly Sins, the notion of fate versus free will, displayed by a lack of characterisation of God and the possibility of redemption through Christian framework. Such characteristics create the makings of a medieval morality play. Marlowe influences Faustus†¦show more content†¦He proclaims, â€Å"Divinity, adieu!†, rebuking any need for a higher power to bless or help him. Rather, he embraces the occult and heretical practices of Lucifer. When he choses to sign away his immortal soul to the devil is another aspect of the rising free-will. In that moment when he cut open his arm and used his life force to condemn himself to an eternity in hell, he made a voluntary decision. â€Å"Ay Mephastophilis, I [Faustus] give it to thee†¦And Faustus hath bequeathed his soul to Lucifer† The rise of the free will was a gradual process which began with the limited role of God and continued evolving until the rise of knowledge and the concepts of free will and choice finalised the complete notion of the self-aware and self-sufficient being. At the conclusion, he knew what would come of his decision but yet he could still choose between heaven or hell. Yet once again, he was led him to choose that which tormented him as he cried, â€Å"Gentleman, farewell†¦Faustus is gone to hell†. Here the audience are shown a didactic medieval morality characteristic whereby, ultimately the devil did not approach Faustus, but Faustus approached the devil out of free will, not any divine trait. Faustus has been influenced by the conventions of a Medieval Morality play through Marlowe’s use of the theme of redemption from damnation. In making a pact with Lucifer, Faustus commits what is in aShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Everyman and Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus1145 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Everyman and Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus Everyman and Doctor Faustus are both Morality Plays, these are specifically plays that existed within the Medieval period. They were popular during this period as they were intended to instruct the audience in the Christian way and attitudes to life. The morality play is essentially an allegory written in dramatic form. In the fourteenth Century, morality plays were mainly based on the seven deadly sins as in everyman withRead MoreThe difference between medieval and early modern is one of degree rather than strict demarcation. Discuss this idea in the context of any two writers you have read.(Everyman and Dr Faustus)2404 Words   |  10 PagesThe medieval and early modern periods were eras with distinctive issues and ideals. Some of their key themes were very similar, such as the importance of religion and the role it played in everyday life, while other matters were unique to their time, such as the medieval selling of indulgences, or the early modern Reformation of the Church. 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I believe that Marlowe subscribed to the renaissance view of the world, and Doctor Faustus was intendedRead MoreDr Faustus Character Analysis949 Words   |  4 PagesDr Faustus is considered by many to be a Morality Play, thus the play’s essential purpose was to depict a battle between good and evil within the soul, thus the conclusion should have been that Faustus would realize that the way of the Lord and the eterna l life that it offers rather than a life of sin and Blasphemy as Faustus lived. However another role of the play has been to offer up one of the first Renaissance men within literature. The Renaissance was in full force at the time of writing andRead More Dr. Faustus Essay: The Tragic Downfall of Dr. Faustus1048 Words   |  5 Pages The Tragic Downfall of Dr. Faustusnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Christopher Marlowes play, its genre an English tragedy of the sixteenth century, presents the tragic conflict of the Faust theme in the tradition of medieval morality plays. The concepts of good and evil in these plays and their psychological implications reflect a historical background in which the church dominates the ethical and moral concepts of their time. Faustus defies societys norms and embraces the devil withRead MoreRole Of Religion In Doctor Faustus1080 Words   |  5 PagesExplore the role of religion in Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus In his tragedy ‘Doctor Faustus’ Christopher Marlowe extensively explores the religious tensions and constraints within society, often satirising and mocking the institutions of established religion — particularly the Catholic church — as he examines the dual forces of damnation and redemption. Marlowe’s titular character of Faustus challenges order and divine forces at every turn, and religion, which was a theme highly topical and sometimesRead MoreDr. Faustus as an Allegory897 Words   |  4 PagesApril 9th 2013 Allegorical Findings in Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, or in simpler terms Dr. Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe is said to be based on the German legend of Faust, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for hierarchy and knowledge. No Elizabethan play outside the Shakespeare canon has raised more controversy than Marlowe’s tale of Dr. Faustus. Although there is no agreement concerning the nature of the text and

The Defeat of The Confederacy Essay - 1810 Words

There were several reasons for the defeat of the Confederacy which included no industrial base, (Donald 1996, p. 99) inadequate transportation net (Donald, 1996, p. 99), and bickering among the generals (McPherson Hogue, 2009, p. 365) etc., but the overriding factor was that the Confederacy never became a nation (Donald, 1996, p. 100). That is, they seceded because the Southern states believed they had the right as independent States to do so (Donald, 1996, p. 7). The South lost because they never stopped believing this. No state could depend on any other for full support of the war. The Governor of Georgia specifically prohibited his troops from fighting outside the state for many months. Many governors set limits on how many†¦show more content†¦The entire truly tragic sense of the Lost Cause was that the South’s men knew their cause was lost, they knew there was really no way they could possibly win, and yet they fought on with tremendous bravery and dedicati on. The Civil War was such a poignant and even heart-wrenching time (Bowman, 2006, p.756). Despite the long-held notion that the South had all of the better generals, it really had only one good Army commander and that was General Lee. The rest were second-raters, at best (Donald, 1996, pp. 9-21). The North, on the other hand, had the good fortune of bringing along and nurturing people like Ulysses Grant, William Sherman, Philip Sheridan, George Thomas, and others. The South was way outclassed industrially (Donald, 1996, pp. 70-74). There was probably never any chance her winning without European recognition and military aid (Donald, 1996, p. 74); Jefferson Davis, realized at the time, that there was never any real hope of Europe intervening. It just never was in England or Frances best interests to get involved in a North American war. Industrially, the South could not keep up in output and in manpower (Donald, 1996, pp. 7-16). By the end of the war, the South had, more or less, plenty of weaponry still, but it just did not have enough men to sustain the use of the guns (Donald, 1996, pp. 18-19). History of the United States Columbian Exchange Colonialism The European and native AmericanShow MoreRelatedFollowing The Defeat Of The Confederacy In 1865, Nathan790 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, Nathan B. Forrest was held in high regards in the south as a â€Å"War Hero†. It was reported that he had twenty-nine horse shot out from under him, killed or wounded thirty soldiers in hand-to-hand combat, and being wounded four separate times himself.1 The Ku Klux Klan was already in existence when they offered him a position of command in the fight against reconstruction and corruption that came with it. Forrest held the title of â€Å"Grand Wizard†, butRead MoreThe Unions Ability to Conduct Total Warfare and Confederate Defeat931 Words   |  4 PagesThe Unions Ability to Conduct Total Warfare and Confederate Defeat The American War for Independence was a successful struggle of a smaller nation fighting a larger, more powerful force. However, in the case of the American Civil War, the larger more powerful Union defeated the southern Confederacy. The Union won the Civil War because the Confederacy could not sustain a war of attrition in the Napoleonic style that evolved into Total War. This paper will briefly explain what Napoleonic warfareRead MoreThe Letter Of A Confederate Surgeon1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves, but the Confederacy displayed noteworthy hope throughout the entire war that was not expected under their circumstances. The Confederacy was outnumbered in men, weapons, food production, transportation, and so on, yet they had hope until the end. Each Southerner had faith that compelled them to fight in the war, but each Southerner had faith in different places. Confederates held onto different sources of hope – hope that the Union would quit, hope that the Confederac y would prevail, hopeRead MoreWilliam Freehling, The South Vs. South1476 Words   |  6 PagesFreehling is a narrative that focuses on the civil war that affected a vast number of Southerners who opposed the Confederacy regardless of whether they were white or black. These ?anti-Confederates,? as termed by Freehling comprised Slaves and Boarder state whites who together formed half the southern population and were significant to the Union victory. By weakening the Confederacy military, contributing manpower and resources to the Union and dividing the southern home front, the anti-ConfederatesRead MoreSouth Vs. The South By William Freehling1461 Words   |  6 PagesFreehling is a narrative that focuses on the civil war that affected a vast number of Southerners who opposed the Confederacy regardless of whether they were white or black. These â€Å"anti-Confederates,† as termed by Freehling comprised Slaves and Boarder state whites who together formed half the southern popul ation and were significant to the Union victory. By weakening the Confederacy military, contributing manpower and resources to the Union and dividing the southern home front, the anti-ConfederatesRead MoreMotivations For Little Turtle s Success1245 Words   |  5 Pagescould have ever guessed what the end result of this mission would be. Little Turtle, a chief of the Miami tribe, led a confederacy onto St. Clair’s camp and proceeded to commit the greatest defeat the United States Army would ever see by the Native Americans (â€Å"St. Clair’s Defeat†). There were many events that gave Little Turtle and his confederacy the motivation to successfully defeat of the United States Army including; the encroachment of land, unwillingness to abide by the Treaty of Fort Harmar,Read MoreThe Principles Of War And Operations1245 Words   |  5 PagesStates of America. As the Union Army of the North battled the Confederate Army of the South, strategic principles similar to those outlined in the U.S. Army’s doctrine began to appear on the battlefield. Although the armies of the Union and the Confederacy both utilized strategic elements outlined in the United States’ Army’s â€Å"Principles of War and Operations†, the Union army’s stricter adherence to certain strategic principles resulted in their ultimate success. The â€Å"Principles of War and Operations†Read MoreThe American Civil War By Robert G. Tanner810 Words   |  4 Pagesasked: what could the Confederacy have done to win the war? Ideally, according to Robert G. Tanner in his book Retreat to Victory? the idea that the south might have won the war had it used a different strategy might be impossible to answer. That being said, Tanner argues that amongst many theories that have developed over what the Confederacy could have done to win the Civil War, the strategy commonly referred to as Fabian would not be a prosperous endeavor by the Confederacy due to the southern geographyRead MoreSouth Politics787 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategy are used interchangeably. The North’s initial political objective was clear: Restore the Union. Later, emancipation, or freeing the slaves, became another objective. The North’s initial policy objective was to reunite the Union by request and defeat if necessary, which requires offensive operations and complete military victory. The Union strategy was to send their army-sized raids to devastate the rebels’ remaining logistical bases. The raiding strategy not only eliminated the needed to garrisonsRead MoreThe Confederate War : How Popular Will, Nationalism, And Military Strategy1360 Words   |  6 Pagesextraordinary scholarly work entitled The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave off Defeat. Throughout the course of his work, Gallagher takes issue with the model put forth by many contemporary historians that the collapse of the Confederacy was more a case of internal decay on the Southern home front rather than military defeat on the field of battle. As a persuasive alternative, Gallagher contended that these historians are guilty of failing to realize

Land Economics Malaysian Market

Question: Discuss aboout the Land Economics Malaysian Market . Answer: The Malaysian government employs and uses a system that employs Mixed Economic framework that is where the Economic system operates the forces of demand and supply ensuring stability of the economy.The mechanisms of the market dictate the prices to be charged for the housing market just like any other good and service has to depend on the forces of demand and supply to set the price. Government policy intervention is basically of four main elements which are regulation of the market, capacity building, shaping and designing the market and lastly market stimulation and all these responses serve their purpose distinctly from each other[1]. The housing policy in Malaysia is set to provide and supply housing more so for the low-income groups. As such it ensures that even the lower incomes individuals have access to a decent and adequate housing. Such a policy provides that a huge number of the Malaysians have proper and appropriate housing. The system ensures that the supply of houses is continuous and constant to the poor household who continue being incorporated in the housing plan. It is a system that came into force to ensure that there was housing for all[2]. Affordability in the Malaysian context applies in the sense that the houses are affordable within the range that population can quickly secure sources of finances to purchase such homes and possess them as owners. The government of Malaysia saw the need of a program for housing that was to be formalized so as to ensure that the national objective of ensuring that there was adequate housing that was affordable was met[3]. The housing program gives an outline of the supply of houses defined by the housing type regarding the low cost, medium cost and high-cost homes that are to be produced by the private and the public in a span of five years as dictated by the development plan. Affordable housing and housing affordability that is often interchanged in Malaysia but each represents two categories of problems. In one way, affordable housing caters for the supply of homes about the median income of the household. On the contrary, housing affordability is the methodology employed din qualif ying individuals ability in honoring a mortgage. Affordable housing represents the supply side whereas the latter is demand oriented. In one way government intervention at times costs a lot of money[4]. The argument behind such a proposition is the fact the intervention in the housing market has to be exact, where the provision of homes by the government has to be in line with the median income of the household that is not beyond the maximum of RM 165, 000.However, the price should be ranging RM 185000 per unit in the urban areas. One of the Housing Program in Malaysia by the name 1Malaysia is fighting hard to ensure that there is a segment of an affordable market. Surprisingly, all the projects undertaken within the Klang Valley are above RM200000.1Malaysia is, therefore, providing competition to the private developers in the Malaysian market. Since the government has no mandate to undertake construction projects, the private developers have a task of building homes that are afford able within the set thresholds. Unless the government offers subsidies that can suppress costs involved in land, private developers fail to honor projects that limit their capacity to earn. As a result, the only way for such developers is to provide homes that far above the median income. Government intervention began in 1952 during the colonial period by the British and it was the Housing Trust that was mandated to carry out housing construction work at low cost. Since independence, the government of Malaysia assumed the role through ensuring that there were small costs involved in construction for the public. The private developers in most cases get involved in supplying high and medium cost housing. However, in the late 1980s, the government now fully integrated the private developers to provide housing at low cost. The private developers played a leading role in the Fourth Malaysian Plan when they reached the total targeted units that were required. It is since then that the pri vate sector accounts for more than 65% of the low-cost housing in Malaysia[5].Government intervention assumes seven forms in the economy, use of quotas, maximum and minimum price policies, issuing subsidies, regulation and legislation and government ownership. However, there are various perspectives that government employs as intervention plans more so in the real estate market where the government has control over the development of land. The intervention of the government in the housing through subsidies is necessary for some ways. One is that there is the provision of improved health facilities regarding clean water supply[6]. It is the duty of the government to ensure that water is made available in places where there is a settlement. Drainage is also crucial to ensure that contaminated water and sewerage have a channel of being disposed of as they may bring water-borne diseases such as cholera which is catastrophic. Subsidies also have the effect of ensuring that there is fairness and maintain social equilibrium. A good example is a program that provides housing in the slum where there are individuals classified as low-income earners. In such a program that ensures that there is adequate housing in the slum, it ensures that the gap between the rich and the poor is minimized as there is access to the basic need and that is housing. Subsides reduce inefficiencies associated with the real estate market. There are no monopoly profits for the private developers as is the case where there is no government intervention. As such, there is equilibrium in the real estate market, and the public is not exploited with high prices as is the case with most monopolies. Quality is also not compromised as the government is keen on ensuring that all the classes get the best[7].Economic growth gets stimulated through the housing program. As noted, housing does not only create employment but also helps in developing other industries related to housing. Industries that manufacture and produce construction materials used in housing benefit from the housing program through creating more jobs and also have a source of revenue. Housing subsidies in most cases stimulate the economy as compared to other types of government intervention. As portrayed in the United States, most of the institutions that were residential in nature were set up by the government during the recession and were intended to boost economic growth. One of the objectives of the government is to ensure that there is the adequate housing of high quality for all people irrespective of the social stratification. The government has a leading role in ensuring that there are programs to achieve the necessary housing program. The government has sin place some incentives and programs that provide home ownership and also aim at ensuring that there is growth in the economy. The intervention of the government in the real estate industry is significant as it curbs the problem associated with speculation. Where there is speculation, there is also the issue of having raised prices for the real estate in the future so as to ensure that quality remains constant. In such a case, buyers who purchase homes and investors who buy to rent will be pleased by investors who operate on short-term. Government intervention acts as the control for the developers. According to the budget in 2014, the Malaysian government prohibited private developers from imp lementing projects that were affiliated to DIBS. Such a move ensured that developers were not incorporating the rate of interest on loans to buyers while building the house in the price of the house. The government has also implemented some property acquisition guidelines that are aimed at controlling ownership of real estates by foreigners in Malaysia. Stabilization of prices in real estate is critical so as to prevent speculation exceeding beyond certain levels and also provide many opportunities for the locals to have access to properties that are of high quality being less than RM1 million more so for the residential units. Government intervention in real estate plays a crucial role in impacting the budget on the property on either a long term or short term duration[8]. The planning economic and social and political frameworks depend on government intervention. The government has the power to control the forces of supply and demand that determine the price to be charged and as s uch facilitates resolution for economic problems in conjunction with the private sector. According to research that was conducted, it proved that the nominal prices of houses had increased drastically since the 1990s.In some countries such as Spain and Britain, there has been 100% increment in the prices something worth worrying. The degree of increase in prices of the houses made economists have something to research on so as to provide the solution to the problem of increased prices. As a result, many researchers came to a conclusion that the increased costs were as a result of house price bubbles in such countries[9]. However, recently the housing prices seem to be dropping and as such the current slow market in the housing sector is a good indicator for the long-term growth. It is predicted that real estate market is to remain constant in this year amidst the many challenges[10].The number of unsold units continues to rise and currently, stands at 16% which is a slowdown in the real estate market[11].The stringent requirements when securing a loan and the uncertainty in job security are some of the factors making consumer expenditure on housing drop significantly. Real estate market is expected to slow down in 2017 due to the economy slowing down and as such the prices of the housing will fall.[12]Selling of property in Malaysia has been crippled after the Ringgit depreciated and as such the prices for the housing have dropped. The real estate agents have taken second jobs to have their end meet as there are few jobs in the real estate market. One person who used to sell two to three apartments in a month sells nothing[13].However, despite the recent economic downturn that has crippled the real estate market, there are prospects for the Malaysian market in future. The demand for housing will always provide better prices for the houses. It is for such reasons that the government intervenes to ensure that there is economic growth[14]. References (https://www.hydrant.co.uk), Site. 2017. "Malaysia's Property Market Has Slowed But Remains Attractive". Oxford Business Group. https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/development-goals-property-market-has-slowed-remains-attractive. Agus, Mohd Razali. 2011. "The Impact Of Government Intervention On The Housing Market In Malaysia". The Journal Of Comparative Asian Development 2 (1): 133-149. doi:10.1080/15339114.2003.9678375. Farquhar, Stuart. 2017. "Why MalaysiaS Market Woes May Soon Be Over". Property Report. https://www.property-report.com/why-malaysias-market-woes-may-soon-be-over/. Guide, Global. 2017. "Subdued House Price Rises In Malaysia". Global Property Guide. https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/Malaysia/Price-History. Lee Cheng, Thean. 2016. "When Will The Property Market Pick Up?". The Star https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2016/10/01/when-will-the- property-market-pick-up/. Lee, Liz. 2014. "Catch-22 In The Property Market?". The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/09/13/Catch22-in-the- property-market-Calls-for-return-of-DIBS-for-firsttime-buyers/?style=biz. Mahalingam, Eugene. 2017. "Property Market To Consolidate Further". The Star Onlinehttps://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2017/01/19/property-market-to-consolidate-further/. Ng, Angie. 2013. "Reducing Speculation In The Property Market". The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2013/11/09/Reducing- speculation-in-the-property-market-Tough-measures-drawn-up-in-Budget- 2014/?style=biz. ROSLI, FIRDAOS. 2014. "It's Not Just About The Price". New Star Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/196646/its-not-just-about-price. Ruban, A, Opalyn Mok, and Julia Chan. 2017. "Unsold Units Continue To Dampen Property Market In Malaysia". Malaymail Online. https://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/unsold-units-continue-to-dampen- property-market-in-malaysia. The Sunday Daily,. 2017. "Malaysia Real Estate Market Outlook For 2017". https://www.thesundaily.my/news/2143610. Tibajuka, Anna. 2008. The Role Of Government In The Housing Market. Ebook. 1st Nairobi. https://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2538 alt=1. Zainuddin, Zaemah. 2017. An Empirical Analysis Of Malaysian Housing Market: Switching And Non-Switching Models. Ebook. 1st ed. New Zealand. Tibajuka, Anna. 2008. The Role Of Government In The Housing Market. Ebook. 1st ed. Nairobi. https://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2538alt=1. ROSLI, FIRDAOS. 2014. "It's Not Just About The Price". New Star Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/196646/its-not-just-about-price. ROSLI, FIRDAOS. 2014. "It's Not Just About The Price". New Star Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/196646/its-not-just-about-price. Zainuddin, Zaemah. 2017. An Empirical Analysis Of Malaysian Housing Market: Switching And Non-Switching Models. Ebook. 1st ed. New Zealand. Zakaria, Suriati. 2017. "GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN PROPERTY SECTOR". Academia.Edu. https://www.academia.edu/9445007/GOVERNMENT_INTERVENTION_IN_PROPERTY_SECTOR Zainuddin, Zaemah. 2017. An Empirical Analysis Of Malaysian Housing Market: Switching And Non-Switching Models. Ebook. 1st ed. New Zealand. Mahalingam, Eugene. 2017. "Property Market To Consolidate Further". 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Theory of Mind Term Paper free essay sample

This is called Theory of Mind, or TOM. This theory was first developed to investigate autism and to further understand primates. It was suggested that those who do not posses TOM were the victims of autism. (Tirapu-Ustarroz et. al. 2007) Other scientists suggest that what separates mankind from primates is that mankind possesses a â€Å"species-specific set of social cognitive skills† (Herman et. al. 2007). Arguably that covers a broader range than TOM but it encompasses it, uniting these scientists under one front. However, some scientists say that chimpanzees do indeed possess TOM. By showing a chimpanzee a series of video tapes of humans in situations that lacked a solution, and then presenting several different photos, one with a solution to the problem, it was shown that chimpanzees do indeed possess a version of TOM. For example, the chimpanzee was shown a video of a phonograph, unable to play because it was unplugged. The chimpanzee then chose the photo of a plugged in phonograph as a solution (Premack and Woodruff 1978). Similarly, others continue to suggest that we are not so very different from other primates. In an article titled Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis results it is suggested that it is not â€Å"general intelligence† that separates us from other animals, it is the level of sophistication and maturity of our cognitive skills. In fact, 2. 5 year old children did not differ from chimpanzees significantly in cognitive skills , specifically those used to assess the physical world (Herman et. al. 2007). In the science world, it has long been debated at what age TOM is developed. Is TOM developed relatively late in childhood (age four) or as early as 7 months? The scientific community is split. There are those that suggest that TOM is developed at age four. And still those that say TOM is innate and can be seen relatively early in child development, it is just undetectable unless a nonverbal false-belief task is assumed (Onishi and Baillargeon 2005). In The Social Sense: Susceptibility to Others’ Beliefs in Human Infants and Adults scientists explore exactly this topic. False belief tasks : Adults vs. infants This article focuses on the differences and similarities of 7 month olds, 3 year olds, and adults in their reaction to several different false-belief tasks. A false belief task is a test, usually using a video or pictures, involving an agent and a participant. The agent is the person watching the video and reacting to it. The participant is the person in the video that is actually doing a task. (Kovacs 2010) There were seven experiments performed in order to reach a conclusion to a compounded hypothesis how do other’s beliefs affect the actions of an individual when the agent is present and absent. Furthermore, how early is this ability developed and to what extent does it differ between individuals, specifically 7 month olds, versus adults. If TOM is innate, it hould be as automatic as our response to our physical environment. This is also explored. (Kovacs 2010) In the first experiment, adults watched a series of videos of a ball and an occluder. In each video, the ball either stayed behind the occluder, rolled off the screen in front of the agent only, or rolled away in front of the agent and participant. The adults watching ar e the agents. The people in the video are the participants. After each video, either the participant and the agent both believed the ball to be behind the occluder, both believed it to have rolled away, or have conflicting beliefs. This is an example of a false-belief task. Then they measured the reaction times of the participants detecting the ball in each situation. The presence of an agent had nothing to do with the task, however, it affected the reaction time of participants. (Kovacs 2010) In Experiment 2, in the last scene of the movie, a pile of boxes was in place of an agent. Surprisingly, the results were the same as experiment one. This shows that the agents beliefs were stored and still affected the behavior of the participant. The participants found the ball quickly when both they and the agent believed it to be behind the occluder. Kovacs 2010) Experiment 3 was performed to show further strengthen the results found in Experiment 1 and 2. Experiment 4-7 were the same as Experiments 1-3 but used infants and looking times versus reaction times. Each subsequent experiment was performed to further solidify the results of the previous experiment. (Kovacs 2010) Conclusion So, to answer the initial question as to how we differ from our primate relatives and when we develop this ability, all pertinent information seems to suggest that TOM is indeed a major distinguisher, and that this innate ability is detectable as early as 7 months of age. Why this matters The results of this experiment are ground-breaking. For decades, scientist have said that TOM is developed at age four. But if TOM is innate and not learned, this reveals a peek into the social structure of mankind. It leads to answers to questions like why we act the way we do in society, and how we evolved into who we are today. It also provides a nonverbal false-belief task that can be performed on infants. This means it can also be performed on other primates, and maybe even those with brain damage that provides them incapable of speaking. With this, we can investigate whether TOM is affected by certain types of brain damage, and if it is specified to one location in the brain. We can identify the absence of TOM in certain patients with certain diseases which would allow us to draw certain conclusions about the disease itself. This experiment opens numerous doors to and exciting field of science. Cited References 1. Herrmann E. , Call J. , Hernandez-LloredaM. V. , Hare B. , Tomasello M (2007), Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis.